Improving Tumor Reduction by Enhancing the Immune Response
Cancer cells evade the immune system by mutating and suppressing immune responses, making directly injecting B and T cells ineffective. However, several advanced therapies can improve immune cell function and tumor reduction.
1. CAR-T & TCR-T Therapy (Genetically Modified T Cells)
✔ CAR-T (Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy)
• T cells are genetically modified to recognize specific tumor antigens.
• Effective in blood cancers (leukemia, lymphoma) but less so in solid tumors.
✔ TCR-T (T-Cell Receptor Therapy)
• T cells are modified to recognize internal tumor antigens, making it effective for solid tumors.
How It Helps:
✅ Directly attacks cancer cells
✅ Overcomes immune suppression
✅ Provides long-lasting immune response
2. Checkpoint Inhibitors (Reactivating the Immune System)
✔ PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors (Pembrolizumab, Nivolumab)
• Blocks PD-1 receptors that tumors use to deactivate T cells.
✔ CTLA-4 Inhibitors (Ipilimumab)
• Removes immune “brakes,” allowing T cells to stay active.
How It Helps:
✅ Stops cancer from deactivating immune cells
✅ Increases immune cell infiltration into tumors
3. Cytokine Therapy (Boosting Immune Cell Function)
✔ IL-2 & IL-15 Therapy
• Enhances T cell survival and activation.
✔ IFN-γ Therapy
• Stimulates immune response and tumor destruction.
How It Helps:
✅ Strengthens immune attack on tumors
✅ Increases T cell survival
4. Oncolytic Viruses (Virus-Based Cancer Therapy)
✔ Viruses engineered to selectively infect tumor cells.
• Talimogene Laherparepvec (T-VEC): An oncolytic herpes virus that kills tumors and attracts immune cells.
• Reovirus, Adenovirus, and Measles Virus: Experimental options.
How It Helps:
✅ Directly destroys cancer cells
✅ Enhances immune response against tumors
5. Combination Therapies (Using Multiple Strategies Together)
• CAR-T + Checkpoint Inhibitors: Increases CAR-T cell persistence.
• Oncolytic Viruses + Cytokine Therapy: Enhances immune system activation.
• Checkpoint Inhibitors + Radiation: Makes tumors more visible to immune cells.
How It Helps:
✅ Overcomes multiple immune barriers
✅ Maximizes tumor destruction
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